The basic study - Baker and Barenbaum (2007) 03

 The critical points were mainly three. One is that, those participating in the study were all American psychology students and this could mean that extending the findings to people who are at the outside; this quite limited group might be not valid.
 Next point is that, the assessment was in part of self-assessment and this might be that the participants’ answers were reflected by a social desirability.
 For example, the participants might felt as saying that they would deal with the stressful situation by ‘calmly taking five deep breaths, and taking it through with their friend’ was more acceptable instead of saying that they would ‘throw a rock through the nearest window’ to release the stress. The last point is that, at the beginning of this study that participants were all asked to identify a stressful situation and write about their feelings and properly, this might be regarded as unacceptable.
 The researchers were not to know of any stressful experience, these students might recently had that and making them as think about them and write down their feelings could have resulted in making the students feel a lot worse.　

The basic study - Baker and Barenbaum (2007) 02

 This finding of this study was essentially, three. One is that many individual were identified which played the important part of whether an emotion-focused approach or a problem-focused approach strategy was the best.
 For example, if the participants were not used to accessing their emotions, an emotion-focused approach strategy was useful for them as it helped them identifying their emotions in a way that they might not have considered. Second is that, a significant gender difference. Females were engaging with more of the emotion-focused approach strategies than males. Third is that, the dependence on what the stressful event was. If it was an interpersonal stressor, sorts of a problem with a boyfriend or girlfriend, and then, people are more likely to engage with more an emotion-focused approach strategies and on the other hand, if it was an achievement stressor, sorts of an examination or those kinds of test or some kind of assessments, people are more likely to engage in a problem-focused approach.

The basic study - Baker and Barenbaum (2007) 01

  The basic study was held by Baker and Barenbaum (2007).  In this study, their aim was to evaluate that which is the best, an emotion-focused approach to coping with stress or a problem-focused approach.
  Participants were 89 of American psychology students which contained both, females and males. They were volunteered as participants of this experimentation. For a part of psychology degree, these students were required to contribute in a certain number of this sort of experiments. Their gender was mixed and roughly the same. Specifically, females were 44 and males were 45. First, they were split in two groups and basically, all participants recognized a recent stressful situation. Then, one group wrote about their feelings for five minutes which is an emotion-focused approach and the other group wrote about how they might solve the stressful situation for same time as a problem-focused approach. Furthermore, all participants wrote a self-report questionnaire on the basic of how well they coped with stress after exercise during the week. Lastly, all participants were assessed for a number of things kinds of how they communicated their feelings and their mood as using a range of psychology assessments.　

The basic study - Meichenbaum (1975) 03

This finding of this study was the stress inoculation therapy as forms of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) provide to be very successful in this case, and is often shown to help reduce anxiety in stressful situations. However, as an example of CBT, it only applies to anxiety and not depression.

 The critical points were mainly three. One is that, the researcher used self-reports of the whether they felt their treatment had been successful. These are not necessarily reliable. Just because a person feels that something has no worked does not mean that they will receive no benefit from it. The other is that, SIT was found to be more successful following eight weeks of treatment. It could be that more systematic desensitization would have helped the students even more. This study does not address ‘optimum treatment period’ so we can’t be sure with of the methods is best, only that SIT worked better than systematic desensitization if a treatment if a treatment period of eight weeks is used.　

The basic study - Meichenbaum (1975) 02

 The first stage of Stress inoculation training is called ‘conceptualisation’. The therapist helps the individual to identify their stressors and how they respond to these and how successful these responses have been. Patterns of self-defeating internal dialogue are identified.

 The second stage is ‘skill acquisition and rehearsal’. The therapist helps the individual to develop and practice positive coping statements to be used in stressful situations. Other techniques such as relaxation and making a realistic appraisal of situations are also practiced.

 In the third stage ‘application and follow-through’ the individual begins to apply the newly acquired skills to progressively more difficult situations in the real world. The therapist provides support and further training when necessary.

  Meichenbaum studied anxious pre-exam college student. An independent measures quasi-experimental method was used. The first condition of this is eight weeks of stress inoculation therapy. The second condition is eight weeks of systematic desensitization. In the third condition is no therapy which means the students were told they were on a waiting list.　

The basic study - Meichenbaum (1975) 01

The basic study of stress inoculation training testimony was held by Meichenbaum (1975). In this study, their aim was to investigate how effect his own 1972 stress inoculation therapy (SIT) was.

 Stress inoculation training is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Meichenbaum (1972).

 Stress inoculation training is a form of cognitive restructuring as it is a method of changing an individual’s thinking patterns about themselves and their lives. The aim is to change their emotional responses and their behavior ideally before the individual becomes very anxious or depressed as a result of stress. Developed by Meichenbaum in the 1960s it is a three stages procedure carried out with the help of a therapist. It is based on the assumption that people experience stress because they interpret an event or situation in catastrophising ways and their internal dialogue (their thoughts) are negative.